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Welcome back! It’s Thursday, which means Forward Guidance podcast host Felix Jauvin is taking over the newsletter. 

He went through this week’s economic data so you didn’t have to. And he put it all in the context of tariffs to answer the biggest questions on all of our minds. Check it out:

Tariffs: Who’s paying up?

We’re entering the phase where we can see the impact of tariffs on the economy and gauge how companies are responding to these price increases.

We’d forgive you for not knowing what the current tariff rates are, considering they change quite frequently. As for the China 90-day pause agreement, the aggregated effective tariff rate is somewhere around 12.6%:

We’re now also seeing tariff revenue actively being collected:

We’re now well within the phase where corporations must decide to either absorb cost increases or pass them onto consumers. The result of this calculus will set the stage for how the economy navigates the next 12 months and who bears the brunt of it. 

Some of the economic data released today hints at the answer:

PPI

We saw a huge downside miss in PPI today. When you dig into the data, it becomes apparent that the miss was largely caused by a big decrease in portfolio management fees. 

This was due to the market crash in April:

This downtick masked interesting insights into how much price increases are being passed to consumers vs. being absorbed by corporations. 

Economist Parker Ross outlined how most of the increases are being absorbed by corporations, for now:

“So far, it looks like the impact of tariffs is generally not being meaningfully passed on to consumers, but they do appear to be getting passed on to businesses.”

“We see this in the limited acceleration in PPI for core finished consumer goods contrasted against the sharp acceleration in PPI for private capital equipment to 0.61%, the strongest monthly gain outside of the pandemic since 2008.”

Retail sales

We also received the retail sales print today, which illuminates how consumption habits are shifting based on the tariff implementation. 

Categories not impacted by tariffs (like food services) surged. On the other hand, categories heavily impacted by tariffs, such as big box retailers and sporting goods — where a lot of frontrunning occurred before the tariffs went live — are now cratering:

This dynamic is a small example of what is likely to happen as the economy digests tariffs: frontrunning before the tariffs, then a singular price level increase, then demand destruction as higher prices lead to decreased demand. 

As we navigate the next few months, the economic data will be extremely noisy. 

As we can see from these two prints, it’s essential to dig beneath the topline numbers to better understand what’s driving the numbers.

— Felix Jauvin

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• As promised yesterday, Ben’s full Q&A with Hashdex CIO Samir Kerbage is now live. Read it here. 

• Coinbase today detailed an extortion attempt against the company and its customers. “We will reimburse customers who were tricked into sending funds to the attacker due to social engineering attacks,” the crypto exchange wrote in the blog post.

• Crypto-focused trading firm Wintermute opened a US headquarters in New York City and hired ex-Blockchain Association executive Ron Hammond to lead the company’s policy engagement in the country. Check Blockworks.co tomorrow for a piece spotlighting crypto hiring trends as more segment firms expand to the US.

• Shares of Galaxy Digital are set to begin trading on the Nasdaq tomorrow. We plan to have more on that in tomorrow’s FG.